Class 12 Economics Complete Notes for NEB
CHAPTER
: 1 Basic concepts of Economics and Allocation of Resources
*
Introduction to Economics
Scarcity
and choice
Opportunity
Cost
* Production
Possibility Curve (PPC)/ Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
- The
Shape of Production Possibility Curve
- The
shift in Production Possibility Curve
Allocation
of Resource
A. The
Problem of Allocation of Resources
B. How to
achieve Fuller Utilization or Full Utilization of Resources
C. How to
achieve Growth of Resources?
Division
of Labour
- Concept
of Division of Labour with advantages and disadvantages
- Types of
Division of Labour
Specialization
-
Advantages of Specialization
-
Disadvantages of Specialization
Economic
System
- Types of
Economy
* Difference between Micro and Macroeconomics
CHAPTER – 2 Market and Revenue Curves
Concept of
Market
Perfect
competition Market
- Features/Characteristics
of Perfect Competition Market
Imperfect
Competition
Monopoly Market
- Features
or Characteristics of Monopoly Market
Monopolistic Competition
- Features
or Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition Market
Oligopoly
Total
Revenue (TR), Average Revenue (AR), and Marginal Revenue (MR)
- Nature
of TR, AR, and MR under Perfect Competition
- Nature
of TR, AR, and MR under Monopoly Market
Numerical
Problems
CHAPTER – 3 Cost Curves
Concept of
Cost
Types of
Cost
Derivation
of Short-run Total Cost Curves
Difference
between Variable cost and Fixed Cost
Derivation
of Short-run Average Cost (AC) Curves
Derivation
of Marginal Cost (MC) Curve
Relationship
Between AC and MC
Numerical
Problems
CHAPTER – 4 Theory of Price and Output Determination
Concept of
Firm and Industry
Concept of
Equilibrium
-
Equilibrium of an Industry under Perfect competition
-
Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using TR-TC
approach
-
Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using MR-TC
approach
- Price
and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in Short run
- Price
and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in the Long run
- Price
and Output Determination Under Monopoly in Short run
- Price
and Output Determination Under Monopoly in the Long run
Comparison
between Perfect Competition and Monopoly
-
Similarities between Perfect Competition and Monopoly
-
Differences between Perfect Competition and Monopoly
Numerical
Problems
CHAPTER
– 5 Factor Pricing
Introduction
to Factor Pricing
Rent
- Meaning
of Rent and Types of Rent
- Contract
Rent Vs Economic Rent
-
Ricardian/ Classical Theory of Rent
Wages
- Concept
of Wages and Types of Wages
- Money
Wage Vs Real Wage
-
Subsistence theory of Wages
- Wage
fund theory of Wages
Interest
- Concept
of Interest and Types of Interest
- Gross
Interest Vs Net Interest
-
Classical/ Real theory of Interest
Profit
- Concept
of Profit and Types of Profit
- Gross
Profit Vs Net Profit
- Risk
Theory of Profit
-
Uncertainty Bearing Theory of Profit
CHAPTER
– 6 Banking and Monetary Policy
Origin and
Development of Bank
Role of Banking System in the Economy
Meaning
and definition of Bank and its roles and importance
Classification
or Types of Banks
CommercialBank and its Functions
FinancialMarket (Money Market and Capital Market) With their Features
- Capital
Market Vs Money Market
- Monetary
Policy
Current
Situation/ Status of Commercial Banks and Development Banks in Nepal
CHAPTER
– 7 Government Finance
- Scope of
Government Finance
- Role/Importance of Government Finance
Differences between Public finance and Private Finance
Concept of
Government Revenue
- Sources
of Government Revenue
Concept of
Government Expenditure
-Importance of Government Expenditure
-Classification of Government Expenditure
Concept of
Taxes
- Different Tax Systems
- Direct
Taxes
- Indirect
Taxes
-
Progressive Tax
-
Regressive Tax
-
Proportional Tax
-
Digressive Tax
Qualities or Features of a Good Tax System
-
Importance of Government Borrowing
- Sources
of Government Borrowing
- Types of
Budget
- Processof Budget Formulation
- Deficit
Financing
CHAPTER
– 8 International Trade
Concept
and Importance of International Trade
Balance of
Trade
Balance of
Payment
Exchange
Rate
Free Trade
and Protectionism
The
Comparative Cost Theory of International Trade
Bases of
International Trade
Measures
to reduce the trade deficit in Nepal
CHAPTER
– 9 Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Human Resource
Concept of
Poverty
- Causes
of Poverty
-
Features/ Characteristics of Poverty
- Current
Situation of Poverty in Nepal
- Measures
of Poverty Reduction
Concept of
Inequality
- Causes
of Inequality
- Measures
to Mitigate Inequality
Concept of
Unemployment
- Types of
Unemployment
- Causes
of Unemployment
- Methods
to generate Employment Opportunities
Concept of
Human Resources
- Role or
Importance of Human Resources
-
Indicators of Human Development
- Human Development
Index (HDI)
- Current
situation of the Population in Nepal
CHAPTER
– 10 Nepalese Foreign Trade and Foreign Employment
Concept of
Nepalese Foreign Trade
Growth of
Nepalese Foreign Trade
Composition
of Nepalese Foreign Trade
The
direction of Foreign Trade in Nepal
Problems
of Nepalese Foreign Trade
World
Trade Organization (WTO) and South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
Foreign
Employment and Remittance
-
Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Employment
CHAPTER
– 11 Development Planning in Nepal
Meaning
and Definition of Development Planning
-
Development Planning in Nepal
- Past
Development Plans of Nepal in brief
- General
Evaluation of Immediate Past Plan of Nepal
- Current
15th Periodic plan of Nepal (2019/20 to 2023/24)
- Process
of Plan Formulation in Nepal
CHAPTER
– 12 Sustainable Development Goals and Nepal
Concept of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations (UN)
No Poverty
and Nepal
Zero
Starvation and Nepal
Decent
Work, Economics Growth and Nepal
Quality
Education and Nepal
CHAPTER
– 13 Introduction to statistics
Review of
Basic Subject of Statistics
Origin and
Definition of Statistics
Functions
of Statistics
Need and
Importance of Statistics
Limitations
of Statistics
CHAPTER
– 14 Data Collection
Concept of
Data Collection
Pre-requisites
of data collection
Types of
Data
Methods of
Collecting Primary data
- Choice
of Method
- Problems
of Collecting Primary Data
Sources of
Secondary Data
-
Published sources
-
Unpublished sources
-
Precautions in the usage of Secondary data
- Problems
in Collecting Secondary Data
Techniques
of Data Collection
Methods of
Sampling
CHAPTER
– 15 Measures of Dispersion
Concept of
'Measures of Dispersion'
-
Objectives of Measuring Dispersion
-
Characteristics for an Ideal Measure of Dispersion
- Absolute
and Relative measures of dispersion
- Various
methods of Measures of Dispersion
CHAPTER
– 16 Index Numbers
Concept of
Index Numbers
- Features
of Index Numbers
-
Importance of Index Numbers
- Types of
Index Numbers
Usable
Terminologies in Constructing Index Numbers
Methods of
Constructing Index Numbers
- Simple/
Unweighted Index Number
- Weighted
Index Number
Limitations
of Index Numbers
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