Organizational Conflict and Stress

Concept of Conflict: 

;fdfGotof b'O{ kIfsf jLrsf] c;xdlt / c;dembf/LnfO{ åGå elgG5 . ;+u7gdf JolQmx?sf jLrdf cGt/lqmof ubf{ JolQmut leGgtfsf sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] l/; / cfj]unfO{ åGå elgG5 . ;+u7gdf ljleGg of]Uotf, Ifdtf, bIftf / ;Lk ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutf x'g] ePsf]n] jfbljjfb, dte]b / lj/f]wsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 h;nfO{ åGå elgG5 . o;y{df k/:k/ ljrf/sf] c;xdlt tyf lj/f]wsf] l:yltnfO{ åGå elgG5 . of] ;xof]usf] ljkl/t l:ylt xf] .

;+u7gdf åGå lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . ;+;f/df åGå gePsf ;+u7gx? kfpg ;lsb}g . To;}n] åGånfO{ gsf/fTds b[li6n] dfq} a'emg' x'b}g t/ åGåsf] plrt ;dodf s'zntfk"j{s Joj:yfkg ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . cfhef]nL åGånfO{ v'nf tyf Jofks b[li6sf]0faf6 x]l/G5 lsgsL åGåsf w]/} ;sf/fTds kIfx? klg 5g . t;y{ åGånfO{ bjfpg'  eGbf o;nfO{ cj;/sf] ?kdf a'emb} k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg tkm{ nfUg' kb{5 .

According to Ricky W Griffin " Conflict is a disagreement among two or more individuals, groups or organizations. b'O{ jf w]/} JolQmx?, ;d"xx? / ljrf/x? jLrsf] c;xdltnfO{ åGå elgG5 .

lgisif{df åGå eg]sf] To:tf] cj:yf xf] hj b'O{ jf j9L kIfx?n] cfk;df lj/f]wL dx;'; ub{5g . t;y{ sd{rf/L / Joj:yfks, Joj:yfks / ;+rfns ;ldlt tyf nufgLstf{x? / ;+rfns ;ldlt, ;+u7g / ;/sf/ cflbsf jLrdf b]vfk/]sf] c;xdltnfO{ åGå elgG5 .

 Nature of Conflict:

1. Difference Goals 2) Difference in Perception 3) Difference in Behaviour

4) Situational  5) Minimum two parties 6) Conflict is normal 7) Conflict is good and bad 8) Conflict is process 9) Conflict is not competition

 

9.3. Types of Conflict

1) Intra-Personal Conflict -cfGtl/s JolQmut åGå_M s'g} JolQmsf] dgleq ljBdfg b'ljwfnfO{ cfGtl/s JolQmut åGå elgG5 . hj JolQmleq sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf ;DjGwdf bf]wf/ jf c;fd~h:otf >hgf x'G5 / cfkmgf] nIo k|flKtdf sl7gfO{ dx;'; ub{5 eg] tj cfGtl/s JolQmut åGå >hgf x'G5 .  slxn]sfxL d"n nIo / ;xfos nIox?sf jLrsf] ;sf/fTds cfsif{0fn] klg Pp6f nIosf] Tofu ug'{kbf{ JolQm leq cfGtl/s åGå b]vf kb{5 .

2) Inter Personal Conflict -cGt/ JolQmut åGå_M  s'g} ljifoj:t'sf jf/]df b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf j9L JolQmx?sf jLr b]vfkg]{ c;xdltnfO{ cGt/ JolQmut åGå elgG5 . of] Ps cGt/lqmofTds åGå xf] . hj b'O{ JolQm jf ;d"xsf jLrdf /fo, dg, :jfy{ tyf lxt jflemG5 / cfk;df c;xdt x'G5g . h:t}M nIo k|flKtdf c;xdlt, ;+rf/df q'6L / e'ldsfdf ljljwtf cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ;+u7gdf cGt/ JolQmut åGå pTkGg x'G5 .

3) Inter Group Conflict -cGt/ ;d"x åGå_M ;+u7gdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+u7gx? h:t} pTkfbg ;d"x, ljqmLljt/0f ;d"x, ljlQo ;d"x, sfo{ut ;d"x cflb /x]sf x'G5g . oL ;d"xx?sf] cf–cfkmg} b[li6sf]0f, dfGotf, nIo / p2]Zox? x'G5g . pQm ljleGg cf}krfl/s Pj+ cgf}krfl/s ;d"xx?sf jLrdf b]vfkg]{ cfk;L tgfj, dgd'6fj tyf lj/f]wnfO{ cGt/ ;d"x åGå elgG5 . vf; u/]/ ;+u7gdf s'g sfo{ s;n] ug]{, s;sf] g]t[Tjdf slxn] ;Dddf ul/;Sg] / s'g ljlw jf tfl/sfn] ug]{ eGg] jf/]df 5nkmn ubf{ d]nldnfk x'g ;s]g eg] cGt/ ;d"x åGå pTkGg x'G5 .

4) Inter Organizational Confllict -cGt/ ;+u7g åGå_M dflg;x?nfO{ ;]jf k'/ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+u7gx? h:t} ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L , lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx? :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g . pQm ;+u7gx?sf jLrdf /x]sf cf–cfkmg} p2]Zo, nIo Pj+ dfGotfx?sf sf/0fn] b]vfkg]{ åGånfO{ cGt/ ;+u7g åGå elgG5 . vf;u/]/ sfo{ ljlw, lglt lgodx?, /0fgLltx?, Uof/]G6L, jf/]G6L, lj1fkg, gfkmfsf] ljt/0f, ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] lgwf{/0f cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ cGt/ ;+u7g åGåx? pTkGg x'G5g .

Nature of Inter Group Conflict

;+u7gsf] Pp6f ;d"x / csf]{ ;d"xsf jLrdf b]vfkg]{ cgd]nnfO{ cGt/ ;d"x åGå elgG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf ljleGg ljefux?, zfvfx? / OsfO{x?sf jLrdf ljleb ljifox?nfO{ lnP/ åGå b]vf kb{5 . cGt/ ;d"x åGåsf] k|s[lt lgDgfg';f/sf] x'G5 .

1. Group Process: sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf b'O{ ;d"xsf jLrdf cGt/lqmof x'Fbf cgd]nsf] kl/0ffd g} cGt/ ;d"x åGå xf] .

2. Perception: b'O{ j6f ;d"xx?sf jLrsf] km/s a'emfO{n] klg cGt/ ;d"x åGå pTkGg x'G5 .

3. Opposition =-dte]b_M b'O{ ;d"xsf jLrdf b]lvPsf] dte]b, c;xdltsf sf/0fn] klg cGt/ ;d"x åGå >hgf x'G5 .

4. Situational -kl/l:ylthGo_M  ;do, kl/l:ylt, cj:yf cflbsf] sf/0fn] klg cGt/ ;d"x åGå b]vf kb{5 .

Types of Inter Group Conflict:

1. Vertical Conflict: ;+u7gsf] ljleGg tx h:t} pRr tx / tNnf] txsf jLrdf pTkGg x'g] åGånfO{ 7f8f] åGå elgG5 . dflyNnf] txn] tNnf] txnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cfb]z lgb]{zg lbg] / cg'udg tyf /]vb]v ug]{ ub{5g . o;qmddf tNnf] tx / dflyNnf] txdf s'g} dte]bx? b]lvg ;Sb5g h;nfO{ 7f8f] åGå elgG5 .

2. Horizontal Conflict: ;+u7gsf] ;dfg tx, ljefu, zfvf / O{sfO{x?af jLrdf b]vfkg]{ åGånfO{ ;dtn åGå elgG5 . b'O{ ljefux?sf jLr ;dGjo / ;dembf/L sfod x'g g;Sg] ePdf ;dtn åGå b]vf kb{5 . ;+u7g leq /x]sf] ;fwg >f]tx?df s'g} ljefun] lgoGq0f sfod ug{ vf]Hbf csf]{ ljefun] pQm sfo{nfO{ cl:jsf/ ubf{ klg ;dtn åGå pTkGg x'G5 .

3. Line staff Conflict: ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfn] :yfoL ?kdf JoQm u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /]vf Joj:yfks elgG5 eg] pRr txsf Joj:yfksn] cfkm\gf] ;xhtfsf nflu lgo'St u/]sf c:yfoL lj1x?nfO{ sd{rf/L Joj:yfks elgG5 .sd{rf/L Joj:yfksx?n] /fo ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbG5g eg] /]vf Joj:yfksx?n] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ub{5g . sltko cj:yfdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfks / /]vf sd{rf/Lx?sf jLrdf dte]b >hgf x'guO{ j]d]nsf] cj:yf b]vf kb{5 h;nfO{ /]vf sd{rf/L åGå elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] åGån] tTsfn ;+u7gdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 .

4. Functional Conflict: ;+u7gsf] nIo / sfo{ ;+u k|ToIf?kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cgd]nnfO{ sfo{ut åGå elgG5 . Go"gtd txsf] sfo{ut dte]bn] ;+u7gnfO{ ;xof]u k'/ofpF5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx?sf] >hgfzLntf, ;Ifdtf / sfo{ ;hutfdf j[l4 ub{5 . sfo{ ljlw, lgodsf] kfngf, cg'zf;g sfod, lgoldttf, bIftfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?df b]lvg] c;xdltnfO{ sfo{ut åGå elgG5 .

5. Dysfunctional Conflict: ;+u7gsf] nIo / sfo{ ;+u ;/f]sf/ g/fVg] c;xdltnfO{ csfo{ut åGå elgG5 . sd{rf/Lx?sf jLrdf cfk;L ;DjGw / 5nkmn ubf{ ljrf/wf/f, dfGotf / cjwf/0ffdf leGgtf b]vf kb{5 eg] To;nfO{ csfo{ut åGå elgG5 . csfo{ut åGåx? ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug'{ pko'St x'G5 .

 

Dynamics of Inter Group Conflict

;+u7gdf ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;d"xx? x'G5g . tL ;d"xx?sf jLrdf lg/Gt/ cG/lqmof eO/xG5 . cG/lqmofsf] qmddf ljleGg lsl;dsf cgd]nx? b]vf kb{5g h;nfO{ cGt/ ;d"x åGå elgG5 . jftfj/0fdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] ;DjGwdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfpF5 . ctM ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof, cfsf/ / :j?kdf kl/jt{g, 36j9, cjglt / kl/dfh{g x'g'nfO{ cGt/;d"x åGåsf] ultzLntf elgG5 . ;+u7g leq cGt/ ;d"x åGån]  lgDg b'O{ txdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .

1) Intra Group Change -;d"x leq cfGtl/s kl/jt{g_M cGt/ ;d"x åGån] ;d"x leqsf ;b:ox?sf] cfGtl/s wf/0ff, ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f, cg'e'lt tyf Jojxf/df leGgtf jf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .  o; lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g x'Fbf ;d"x leq lgDg kIfx?sf] kl/j{g ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .

a) Loyalty -lgi7f÷jkmfbfl/tf_M o; lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g cGt/ut Joj:yfksn] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] jkmfbfl/tf jf lgi7fdf kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/ Nofpg vf]Hb5g . o;sf nflu Joj:yfksn] lgoGq0f sfo{df j9L hf]8 lbG5g .

b) Leadership: hj ;b:ox?sf jLrdf cGt/ ;d"x åGå pTkGg x'G5 tj cGo ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfk k|lt t'?Gt} k|ltlqmof lbg ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;b:on] lg/+s'z g]t[Tjz}nL cjnDjg ub{5g .

c) Task achievement: ;d"x leq x'g] csf]{ kl/jt{g sfo{ pknlAwdf j[l4 xf] . o; cGt/ut ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] t'ngfdf s'zntfk"j{s sfo{ ug{sf] nflu bjfj >hgf ul/G5 / kl/0ffd:j?k ;+u7gfTds pknlAw k|ltsf] rf;f]df j[l4 x'G5 .

d) Work Group Structure: kl/jt{gsf] o; ljlw cGt/ut sfo{ ;d"x ;+/rgfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy cjnDjg ul/G5 . gof gof lgod sfg"gx?sf] th'{df u/]/ ;b:ox?sf] pQ/bfloTj lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

e) Cohesiveness -;fldKotf_M ;d"x leqsf] cfGtl/s kl/j{tg cGt/ut jfXo åGåsf] sf/0fn] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm' leqsf] åGånfO{ lj;{G5g / pgLx?sf jLrdf ;fldKotf, lgs6tf / Pstfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

2) Inter Group Change   -;d"xjLr kl/jt{g_M cGt/;d"xsf] ultzLntfn] ;d"x leq g} ljleGg lsl;dsf kl/jt{gx? NofpF5 . o; lsl;dsf] kl/jt{gn] ;d"xdf lgDgfg';f/sf] kl/j{t ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .

a) Perception Change: ;d'xdf kl/j{g Nofpg] sfo{ cG/tut Pp6f ;d"x / csf]{ ;d"xsf jLrdf gsf/fTds wf/f0ff, ljrf/ tyf b[li6sf]0fx? pTkGg x'G5g . cfkmgf] kIfssf] sldsdhf]/L gb]Vg]  / csf]{ kIfsf] v/fj kIf dfq b]Vg] k|j[lQ x'G5

b) Less Interaction: hj b'O{ ;d"xsf jLrdf cGt/ åGå sfod x'G5 tj pgLx?sf jLrdf Go"g cGt/lqmof x'G5 . s]jn cfjZostf ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq ;"rgfx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ub{5g . o; l:yltdf ;d'xx?sf jLr ;dfgtfnfO{ gsf]g{ / leGgtfnfO{ clt/l~ht ug]{ k|j[lQ j9b5 .

c) Orientation: o; cj:yfdf b'j} ;d"xx?sf] cled'vLs/0f tyf b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . cGt/ åGån] ubf{ b'j} ;d"x?n] Ps csf]{nfO{ k|ltåGåLsf] ?kdf x]b{5g . pgLx? Ps csf]{nfO{ lhTg] lbzftkm{ pGd'v x'G5g .

d) Increase Hostility -zq'tfdf j[l4_M cGt/ ;d"x åGån] cGo ;d"x k|lt j}dg:otf j9fpF5 . Ps cfk;df gsf/fTds efjgf j[l4 x'G5 / ;+rf/ ;Dks{df ;d]t cj/f]w >hgf x'G5 . ;j}n] cfkm' dfq /fd|f] sfo{ ul//x]sf] ;f]Rb5g . Ps cfk;df tgfj pTkGg x'G5 / dgdf cl:y/tfsf] efjgf >hgf x'G5 .

 

 

9.7. Source of Conflict

;+u7gdf cgd]n / c;xdltsf] cj:yf >hgfug]{ sf/s tTjx?nfO{ åGåsf >f]tx? elgG5 . åGåsf >f]tx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

1) Personal Differences 2) Lack of Information 3) Goal differences 4) Lack of resources 5)  Level of competition 6) Lack of Trust 7) Communication problem 8) Organizational change 9) Inequility 10) Task interdependence 11) Lack of capacity 12) Ego and Jealous 13) Resource allocation 14) Authority delegation

9.8. Approaches to Conflict Management:

;+u7gdf åGå >hgf x'g' ;fdfGo xf] . o;n] ljrf/ tyf efjgfx?sf] dGyg ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 t/ klg lglZrt cj:yf eGbf dfly cgd]nnfO{ j9g lbg' x'b}g . ;dodf g} åGåsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . åGå Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlwx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g .

A. Conflict Resolution Techniques: -åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ljlwx?_M åGå Joj:yfkg ug]{ of] ljlw cGt/ut åGåsf] k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Joj:yfkgn] Gofof]lrt / sfg"gL tj/n] ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf nflu Joj:yfksn] lgDglnlvt pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 .

1) Employees' Meeting 2) Suitable Role 3) Level wise coordination 4) Change in organizational strucuture 5) Problem solving 6) Avoidance 7) Bargaining 8) Appeal Process 9) Confrontation -d'sfljnf_ 10) Punishment

B. Conflict Stimulaiton Techniques: -åGå pQ]hgf ug]{ ljlwx?_M åGå Joj:yfkg ug]{ of] ljlw cGt/ut  ;+u7gdf sfo{ut åGå sfod u/]/ åGånfO{ pTsif{df k'/ofOG5 . lsgsL sfo{ut åGå ;sf/fTds / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . t;y{ Joj:yfksn] pQ]hgf >hgf u/]/ åGådf j[l4 ug'{ kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf] åGå ;dfwfgsf nlfu lgDglnvt pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 .

1) Communication 2) Bringing in Outsiders -jfXo kIfx?nfO{ leqofpg] 3) Organizational Restructuring 4) Appointing Devil's Advocate 5) Firing 6) Reward  

9.9. Resolving Conflict Through Negotiation -jftf{nfkaf6 åGåsf] ;dfwfg_

åGå Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg tl/sfx? dWo] jftf{nfk klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o; cGt/ut åGå/t kIfx? cfdg] ;fdg] pkl:yt eO{ ljjfbsf ljifox?nfO{ v'nf 5nkmnaf6 n]gb]gsf] ;xdltdf k'U5g / åGåsf] ;dfwfg ub{5g . jftf{nfk ljlwaf6 åGå Joj:yfkg ug]{ pko'Qm ljlwx? lgDg b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g .

1. Distributive Strategy -ljt/0f /0fgLlt_M åGå/t kIfx?sf jLrdf Ps kIfn] s]xL 5f]8g] / csf]{ kIfn] s]xL k|fKt ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u/]/ åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ /0fgLltnfO{ ljt/0f /0fgLlt elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] /0fgLltdf Ps kIfn] s]xL kfpF5 eg] csf]{ kIfn] s]xL Tofu ub{5 cyf{t hLt–xf/ (win-lose) sf] cj:yf >hgf x'G5 . ljz]if u/]/ ;+u7gsf cfly{s d'2fx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu ljt/0f /0fgLltsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

2. Integrative Strategy -PsLs[t /0fgLlt_M åGå/t kIfx?sf cfjZostfx?nfO{ ldnfP/ jf PsLs/0f u/]/ b'j}nfO{ dfGo x'g] u/L åGåsf] ;dfwfg ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ PsLs[t /0fgLlt elgG5 . o; /0fgLltdf åGå ug]{ kIfx?nfO{ cfdg] ;fdg] pkl:yt u/fO{ jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{ nufOG5 / ;dfwfg ug{ b'j} kIf Pp6} :yfgdf j;]/ sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpF5g . b'j} kIfn] cf–cfkmgf efjgf, cg'e'lt, u'gf;fx?, c;Gt'li6x?nfO{ v'nf?kdf k|:t't u/]/ 5nkmnåf/f lgisif{df k'uL åGåsf] ;dfwfg ub{5g .

9.10.Assertive Behaviour:  -x's'dL÷s7f]/ Jojxf/_

s'g} klg JolQm åGådf ;kmn x'gsf] nflu cfb]zfTds ?kdf s7f]/ tl/sfaf6 csf]{ JolQm dfly xfjL x'g] Jojxf/nfO{ s7f]/ jf x's'dL Jojxf/ elgG5 . x's'dL :jefjsf dflg;x? k|lt:kwf{ / cflwsfl/s cfb]zdf ljZjf; ub{5g . pgLx? cfkmgf OR5fx? cfTd;Ddfg / ljZjf;sf ;fy k'/f ug]{ / ug{ nufpg] lsl;dsf x'G5g . o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/nfO{ bjfj d'ns Jojxf/ klg elgG5 .

s7f]/ Jojxf/df dflg;x? s8f / 7f8f] :jefjsf ePtfklg OdfGbf/ / v'nf x[bosf x'G5g . pgLx? lglt lgod, d"No, dfGotf / ljlwsf] k"0f{?kn] kfngf ug'{sf ;fy} c?sf] dof{bf, k|lti7f tyf ;DdfgnfO{ pRr ?kn] u|x0f ub{5g . åGå/t kIfx? ;jf]{Rr tl/sfn] lht xf/sf] dfGotfn] k|lzlIft x'G5g, ;f]emf, ;/n / ;xgzLn :jefjsf JolQmx?nfO{ bjfj >hgf u/]/ sfd lng ;Sb5g .

Ss7f]/ :jefj ePsf JolQmx? c?sf] cfqmfds Jojxf/af6 xtf]T;flxt geO{ ;+odtfk"j{s To; lsl;ds]f Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg b[9tf k|bz{g ug]{, c?sf cg'lrt s'/fx?nfO{ cl:js[t ug]{ / r'gf}ltk"0f{ kl/l:yltnfO{ ;xh tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|j[lQsf x'G5g . o; lsld;sf] Jojxf/sf] ljsf;n] cGt/;d"x tyf cGt/;+u7g åGånfO{ w]/} dfqfdf sd ug{ ;lsG5 .